Publications

Publications from the IGCB and affiliated researchers will be posted here. Keep an eye out for new additions. 

 

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Institute for Global Change Biology

Featured Publications

IGCB_TeRaCON
Reich et al. Nature, 2024
Nitrogen pollution and rising carbon dioxide: A joint threat to grassland biodiversity?
Zhu et al., 2024
Zhu et al., Nature Ecology and Evolution, 2024
Rapid shifts in grassland communities driven by climate change
igcb_Number_of_Trees_on_Earth_4
RC Gatti, PB Reich, colleagues, & J Liang
The Number of Tree Species on Earth
igcb_Tsun_Fung_Au
TF Au, et al.
The Importance of Old Trees
Rocci et al., 2023
K Rocci, P Reich, W Weider et al.
Soil carbon-to-nitrogen stoichiometry
igcb_Classen_Pastore
Pastore, AT Classen et al.
Soil Microbial Legacies Influence Freeze–Thaw Responses of Soil
  1. Allgeier, J. E. et al. Phylogenetic conservatism drives nutrient dynamics of coral reef fishes. Nature Communications 12, 5432 (2021).
  2. Anoszko, E., Frelich, L. E., Rich, R. L. & Reich, P. B. Wind and fire: Rapid shifts in tree community composition following multiple disturbances in the southern boreal forest. Ecosphere 13, e3952 (2022).
  3. Au, T. F. et al. Younger trees in the upper canopy are more sensitive but also more resilient to drought. Nature climate change 12, 1168–1174 (2022).
  4. Avolio, M. L. et al. Determinants of community compositional change are equally affected by global change. Ecology Letters 24, 1892–1904 (2021).
  5. Avolio, M. L. et al. Making sense of multivariate community responses in global change experiments. Ecosphere 13, e4249 (2022).
  6. Barry, K. E. et al. A graphical null model for scaling biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships. Journal of Ecology 109, 1549–1560 (2021).
  7. Belluau, M. et al. Exotics are more complementary over time in tree biodiversity–ecosystem functioning experiments. Functional Ecology 35, 2550–2561 (2021).
  8. Bergmans, R. S. et al. Short-term exposures to atmospheric evergreen, deciduous, grass, and ragweed aeroallergens and the risk of suicide in Ohio, 2007–2015: Exploring disparities by age, gender, and education level. Environmental research 200, 111450 (2021).
  9. Bermudez, R., Stefanski, A., Montgomery, R. A. & Reich, P. B. Short-and long-term responses of photosynthetic capacity to temperature in four boreal tree species in a free-air warming and rainfall manipulation experiment. Tree physiology 41, 89–102 (2021).
  10. Berthelot, S. et al. Exotic tree species have consistently lower herbivore load in a cross‐A tlantic tree biodiversity experiment. Ecology 104, e4070 (2023).
  11. Blondeel, H. et al. Tree diversity reduces variability in sapling survival under drought. Journal of Ecology (2024).
  12. Boldorini, G. X. et al. Predators control pests and increase yield across crop types and climates: a meta-analysis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 291, 20232522 (2024).
  13. Bouchard, E. et al. Global patterns and environmental drivers of forest functional composition. Global Ecology and Biogeography 33, 303–324 (2024).
  14. Butler, E. E. et al. Increasing functional diversity in a global land surface model illustrates uncertainties related to parameter simplification. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 127, e2021JG006606 (2022).
  15. Butler, E. E. et al. Updated respiration routines alter spatio-temporal patterns of carbon cycling in a global land surface model. Environmental Research Letters 16, 104015 (2021).
  16. Cavender-Bares, J. et al. BII-Implementation: The causes and consequences of plant biodiversity across scales in a rapidly changing world. Research Ideas and Outcomes: The Open Science Journal 7, e63850 (2021).
  17. Cazzolla Gatti, R. et al. The number of tree species on Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, e2115329119 (2022).
  18. Cesarz, S. et al. Tree diversity effects on soil microbial biomass and respiration are context dependent across forest diversity experiments. Global Ecology and Biogeography 31, 872–885 (2022).
  19. Chen, X., Chen, H. Y., Searle, E. B., Chen, C. & Reich, P. B. Negative to positive shifts in diversity effects on soil nitrogen over time. Nature Sustainability 4, 225–232 (2021).
  20. Chen, X., Reich, P. B., Taylor, A. R., An, Z. & Chang, S. X. Resource availability enhances positive tree functional diversity effects on carbon and nitrogen accrual in natural forests. Nature Communications 15, 8615 (2024).
  21. Dee, L. E. et al. Clarifying the effect of biodiversity on productivity in natural ecosystems with longitudinal data and methods for causal inference. Nature Communications 14, 2607 (2023).
  22. Depauw, L. et al. Enhancing tree performance through species mixing: review of a quarter-century of TreeDivNet experiments reveals research gaps and practical insights. Current Forestry Reports 1–20 (2024).
  23. Díaz, S. et al. The global spectrum of plant form and function: enhanced species-level trait dataset. Scientific Data 9, 755 (2022).
  24. Dusenge, M. E. et al. Photosynthetic capacity in middle‐aged larch and spruce acclimates independently to experimental warming and elevated CO2. Plant, Cell & Environment (2024).
  25. Eldridge, D. J. et al. The global contribution of soil mosses to ecosystem services. Nature Geoscience 16, 430–438 (2023).
  26. Ellsworth, D. S. et al. Convergence in phosphorus constraints to photosynthesis in forests around the world. Nature communications 13, 5005 (2022).
  27. Engel, T. et al. Traits of dominant plant species drive normalized difference vegetation index in grasslands globally. Global Ecology and Biogeography 32, 695–706 (2023).
  28. Flinker, R. H. et al. Promise and pitfalls of modeling grassland soil moisture in a free-air CO2 enrichment experiment (BioCON) using the SHAW model. Pedosphere 31, 783–795 (2021).
  29. Flores-Moreno, H. et al. Is Australia weird? A cross-continental comparison of biological, geological and climatological features. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 11, 1073842 (2023).
  30. Gao, X. et al. The importance of distinguishing natural forest regrowth from managed tree systems. (2024).
  31. Gill, A. et al. Soil carbon availability decouples net nitrogen mineralization and net nitrification across United States Long Term Ecological Research sites. Biogeochemistry 162, 13–24 (2023).
  32. Gold, Z. J. et al. Herbaceous vegetation responses to experimental fire in savannas and forests depend on biome and climate. Ecology letters 26, 1237–1246 (2023).
  33. Gonçalves‐Souza, T. et al. Bringing light onto the Raunkiæran shortfall: A comprehensive review of traits used in functional animal ecology. Ecology and Evolution 13, e10016 (2023).
  34. Gonçalves‐Souza, T. et al. ZooTraits: An R shiny app for exploring animal trait data for ecological and evolutionary research. Ecology and Evolution 14, e11334 (2024).
  35. Gou, X. et al. Leguminous plants significantly increase soil nitrogen cycling across global climates and ecosystem types. Global change biology 29, 4028–4043 (2023).
  36. Guerrero‐Ramírez, N. R. et al. Global root traits (GRooT) database. Global Ecology and Biogeography 30, 25–37 (2021).
  37. Harley, G. L. et al. A 561-yr (1461-2022 CE) summer temperature reconstruction for Mid-Atlantic-Northeast USA shows connections to volcanic forcing and atmospheric circulation. Climatic Change 177, 1–23 (2024).
  38. He, M. et al. Cumulative nitrogen enrichment alters the drivers of grassland overyielding. Communications Biology 7, 309 (2024).
  39. Hogan, J. A., Domke, G. M., Zhu, K., Johnson, D. J. & Lichstein, J. W. Climate change determines the sign of productivity trends in US forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121, e2311132121 (2024).
  40. Hong, P. et al. Biodiversity promotes ecosystem functioning despite environmental change. Ecology Letters 25, 555–569 (2022).
  41. Hordijk, I. et al. Evenness mediates the global relationship between forest productivity and richness. Journal of Ecology 111, 1308–1326 (2023).
  42. Hu, X. et al. Warming causes contrasting spider behavioural responses by changing their prey size spectra. Nature Climate Change 1–8 (2024).
  43. Isbell, F. et al. Expert perspectives on global biodiversity loss and its drivers and impacts on people. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 21, 94–103 (2023).
  44. Jiang, M. et al. Microbial competition for phosphorus limits the CO2 response of a mature forest. Nature 1–6 (2024).
  45. Jing, X. et al. Spatial turnover of multiple ecosystem functions is more associated with plant than soil microbial β‐diversity. Ecosphere 12, e03644 (2021).
  46. Jing, X. et al. The influence of aboveground and belowground species composition on spatial turnover in nutrient pools in alpine grasslands. Global Ecology and Biogeography 31, 486–500 (2022).
  47. Joswig, J. S. et al. Climatic and soil factors explain the two-dimensional spectrum of global plant trait variation. Nature Ecology & Evolution 6, 36–50 (2022).
  48. Journé, V. et al. Globally, tree fecundity exceeds productivity gradients. Ecology letters 25, 1471–1482 (2022).
  49. Journé, V. et al. The Relationship Between Maturation Size and Maximum Tree Size From Tropical to Boreal Climates. Ecology Letters 27, e14500 (2024).
  50. Juno, E. & Ibáñez, I. Biochar application and soil transfer in tree restoration: A meta-analysis and field experiment. Ecological Restoration 39, 158–167 (2021).
  51. Koltz, A. M. et al. Sublethal effects of parasitism on ruminants can have cascading consequences for ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, e2117381119 (2022).
  52. Kong, W. et al. Afforestation can lower microbial diversity and functionality in deep soil layers in a semiarid region. Global change biology 28, 6086–6101 (2022).
  53. Ladouceur, E. et al. The recovery of plant community composition following passive restoration across spatial scales. Journal of Ecology 111, 814–829 (2023).
  54. Laughlin, D. C. et al. Root traits explain plant species distributions along climatic gradients yet challenge the nature of ecological trade-offs. Nature Ecology & Evolution 5, 1123–1134 (2021).
  55. Leão, T. C., Reinhardt, J. R., Nic Lughadha, E. & Reich, P. B. Projected impacts of climate and land use changes on the habitat of Atlantic Forest plants in Brazil. Global Ecology and Biogeography 30, 2016–2028 (2021).
  56. Lee, B. R. & Ibáñez, I. Improved phenological escape can help temperate tree seedlings maintain demographic performance under climate change conditions. Global Change Biology 27, 3883–3897 (2021).
  57. Lee, B. R. & Ibáñez, I. Spring phenological escape is critical for the survival of temperate tree seedlings. Functional Ecology 35, 1848–1861 (2021).
  58. Li, F. et al. Quantifying the role of ozone-caused damage to vegetation in the Earth system: A new parameterization scheme for photosynthetic and stomatal responses. Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 2024, 1–37 (2024).
  59. Li, J. et al. Divergent intra-and interspecific root order variability identifies a two-dimensional root economics spectrum. Plant and Soil 1–18 (2024).
  60. Li, J. et al. The intra-annual rhythm of Pinus sylvestris growth-climate responses under a warming climate at its southern distribution limits. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 346, 109871 (2024).
  61. Li, T. et al. Dendroclimatological study of Sabina saltuaria and Abies faxoniana in the mixed forests of the Qionglai Mountains, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Forestry Research 35, 20 (2024).
  62. Li, T., Peng, J., Au, T. F. & Li, J. April–September minimum temperature reconstruction based on Sabina tibetica ring-width chronology in the central eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. Journal of Forestry Research 35, 37 (2024).
  63. Li, Y. et al. Green spaces provide substantial but unequal urban cooling globally. Nature Communications 15, 7108 (2024).
  64. Li, Y. et al. Reservoir regulation-induced variations in water level impacts cyanobacterial bloom by the changing physiochemical conditions. Water Research 259, 121836 (2024).
  65. Liang, G. et al. Soil respiration response to decade-long warming modulated by soil moisture in a boreal forest. Nature Geoscience 1–7 (2024).
  66. Liu, X. et al. Long‐term warming increased carbon sequestration capacity in a humid subtropical forest. Global Change Biology 30, e17072 (2024).
  67. Lobo, D., Reich, P. B. & Ardichvili, A. A. Conservation entrepreneurship: A new frontier in conservation science. Biological Conservation 282, 110078 (2023).
  68. Maschler, J. et al. Links across ecological scales: Plant biomass responses to elevated CO2. Global Change Biology 28, 6115–6134 (2022).
  69. Mason, R. E. et al. Evidence, causes, and consequences of declining nitrogen availability in terrestrial ecosystems. Science 376, eabh3767 (2022).
  70. Maxwell, J. T. et al. Asymmetric effects of hydroclimate extremes on eastern US tree growth: Implications on current demographic shifts and climate variability. Global change biology 30, e17474 (2024).
  71. McPherson, M. R., Zak, D. R., Ibáñez, I., Upchurch, R. A. & Argiroff, W. A. Arbuscular mycorrhizal diversity increases across a plant productivity gradient driven by soil nitrogen availability. Plant‐Environment Interactions 5, e70002 (2024).
  72. Meisner, A. et al. Soil microbial legacies differ following drying-rewetting and freezing-thawing cycles. The ISME Journal 15, 1207–1221 (2021).
  73. Messier, C. et al. For the sake of resilience and multifunctionality, let’s diversify planted forests! Conservation Letters 15, e12829 (2022).
  74. Migliavacca, M. et al. The three major axes of terrestrial ecosystem function. Nature 598, 468–472 (2021).
  75. Mills, K. L. et al. Dynamic primary resources, not just wild prey availability, underpin lion depredation of livestock in a savanna ecosystem. Ecology and Evolution 14, e70208 (2024).
  76. Mirabel, A. et al. New tree-ring data from Canadian boreal and hemi-boreal forests provide insight for improving the climate sensitivity of terrestrial biosphere models. Science of the Total Environment 851, 158062 (2022).
  77. Mohanbabu, N., Isbell, F., Hobbie, S. E. & Reich, P. B. Species interactions amplify functional group responses to elevated CO2 and N enrichment in a 24‐year grassland experiment. Global Change Biology 30, e17476 (2024).
  78. Mori, A. S. et al. Biodiversity–productivity relationships are key to nature-based climate solutions. Nature Climate Change 11, 543–550 (2021).
  79. Mori, A. S. et al. Urgent climate action is needed to ensure effectiveness of protected areas for biodiversity benefits. One Earth (2024).
  80. Nieves, D. J. et al. Ectomycorrhizal fungal community response to warming and rainfall reduction differs between co-occurring temperate-boreal ecotonal Pinus saplings. Mycorrhiza 1–14 (2024).
  81. O’Connor, M. I. et al. Grand challenges in biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research in the era of science–policy platforms require explicit consideration of feedbacks. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 288, 20210783 (2021).
  82. Ohlert, T. et al. Exploring the impact of trait number and type on functional diversity metrics in real-world ecosystems. Plos one 17, e0272791 (2022).
  83. Pan, Y. et al. Contrasting responses of woody and grassland ecosystems to increased CO2 as water supply varies. Nature ecology & evolution 6, 315–323 (2022).
  84. Pastore, M. A. et al. Soil microbial legacies influence freeze–thaw responses of soil. Functional Ecology37, 1055–1066 (2023).
  85. Pastore, M. A., Classen, A. T., D’Amato, A. W., Foster, J. R. & Adair, E. C. Cold‐air pools as microrefugia for ecosystem functions in the face of climate change. Ecology 103, e3717 (2022).
  86. Pastore, M. A., Hobbie, S. E. & Reich, P. B. Sensitivity of grassland carbon pools to plant diversity, elevated CO2, and soil nitrogen addition over 19 years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, e2016965118 (2021).
  87. Pellegrini, A. F. et al. Consistent physiological, ecological and evolutionary effects of fire regime on conservative leaf economics strategies in plant communities. Ecology letters 26, 597–608 (2023).
  88. Pellegrini, A. F. et al. Decadal changes in fire frequencies shift tree communities and functional traits. Nature Ecology & Evolution 5, 504–512 (2021).
  89. Pellegrini, A. F. et al. Disease and fire interact to influence transitions between savanna–forest ecosystems over a multi‐decadal experiment. Ecology letters 24, 1007–1017 (2021).
  90. Pellitier, P. T., Ibáñez, I., Zak, D. R., Argiroff, W. A. & Acharya, K. Ectomycorrhizal access to organic nitrogen mediates CO2 fertilization response in a dominant temperate tree. Nature Communications 12, 5403 (2021).
  91. Posch, B. C. et al. Wheat respiratory O2 consumption falls with night warming alongside greater respiratory CO2 loss and reduced biomass. Journal of Experimental Botany 73, 915–926 (2022).
  92. Potapov, A. M. et al. Globally invariant metabolism but density-diversity mismatch in springtails. Nature Communications 14, 674 (2023).
  93. Prager, C. M. et al. Climate and multiple dimensions of plant diversity regulate ecosystem carbon exchange along an elevational gradient. Ecosphere 12, e03472 (2021).
  94. Prager, C. M. et al. Integrating natural gradients, experiments, and statistical modeling in a distributed network experiment: An example from the WaRM Network. Ecology and Evolution 12, e9396 (2022).
  95. Qiu, L. et al. Erosion reduces soil microbial diversity, network complexity and multifunctionality. The ISME journal 15, 2474–2489 (2021).
  96. Qu, X. et al. Deforestation impacts soil biodiversity and ecosystem services worldwide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121, e2318475121 (2024).
  97. Raubenheimer, S. L., Venter, N. & Ripley, B. S. Drought susceptibility of southern African C4 grasses: Phylogenetically and photosynthetically determined? Functional Ecology 37, 2029–2039 (2023).
  98. Reed, S. P. et al. Linked disturbance in the temperate forest: Earthworms, deer, and canopy gaps. Ecology104, e4040 (2023).
  99. Reich, P. B. et al. Assessing the relevant time frame for temperature acclimation of leaf dark respiration: a test with 10 boreal and temperate species. Global change biology 27, 2945–2958 (2021).
  100. Reich, P. B. et al. Even modest climate change may lead to major transitions in boreal forests. Nature 608, 540–545 (2022).
  101. Ren, Y. et al. Reduced global plant respiration due to the acclimation of leaf dark respiration coupled with photosynthesis. New Phytologist 241, 578–591 (2024).
  102. Revillini, D., Reich, P. B. & Johnson, N. C. Plant diversity and functional identity drive grassland rhizobacterial community responses after 15 years of CO2 and nitrogen enrichment. Journal of Ecology (2024).
  103. Rewcastle, K. E. et al. Plant removal across an elevational gradient marginally reduces rates, substantially reduces variation in mineralization. Ecology 103, e03546 (2022).
  104. Rice, K. E., Montgomery, R. A., Stefanski, A., Rich, R. L. & Reich, P. B. Species-specific flowering phenology responses to experimental warming and drought alter herbaceous plant species overlap in a temperate–boreal forest community. Annals of Botany 127, 203–211 (2021).
  105. Rocci, K. S. et al. Aligning theoretical and empirical representations of soil carbon-to-nitrogen stoichiometry with process-based terrestrial biogeochemistry models. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 189, 109272 (2024).
  106. Sanaei, A. et al. Corrigendum to “Tree species diversity enhances plant-soil interactions in a temperate forest in northeast China”[For. Ecol. Manage.(2021) 119160](Forest Ecology and Management (2021) 491,(S0378112721002486),(10.1016/j. foreco. 2021.119160)). Forest Ecology and Management 539, 120986 (2023).
  107. Sanaei, A. et al. Tree species diversity enhances plant-soil interactions in a temperate forest in northeast China. Forest Ecology and Management 491, 119160 (2021).
  108. Schuster, M. J. et al. Patterns of belowground overyielding and fine‐root biomass in native and exotic angiosperms and gymnosperms. Oikos 2023, e08877 (2023).
  109. Schuster, M. J. et al. Using plants to control buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica): Improved biotic resistance of forests through revegetation. Ecological Engineering 182, 106730 (2022).
  110. Schuster, M. J., Wragg, P. D. & Reich, P. B. Phenological niche overlap between invasive buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) and native woody species. Forest Ecology and Management 498, 119568 (2021).
  111. Sharma, S. et al. North American tree migration paced by climate in the West, lagging in the East. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, e2116691118 (2022).
  112. Song, Y. et al. Biological changes, political ideology, and scientific communication shape human perceptions of pollen seasons. bioRxiv 2024–07 (2024).
  113. Song, Y., Katz, D. S., Zhu, Z., Beaulieu, C. & Zhu, K. Predicting reproductive phenology of wind-pollinated trees via PlanetScope time series. bioRxiv 2024–08 (2024).
  114. Sotnik, G., Fischer, A. P., Ibáñez, I. & Cousins, S. J. A transdisciplinary typology of change identifies new categories of adaptations and forms of co-adaptation in coupled human and natural systems. Sustainability Science 16, 1609–1623 (2021).
  115. Stefanski, A., Butler, E. E., Bermudez, R., Montgomery, R. A. & Reich, P. B. Stomatal behaviour moderates the water cost of CO2 acquisition for 21 boreal and temperate species under experimental climate change. Plant, Cell & Environment 46, 3102–3119 (2023).
  116. Strauss, A. T., Hobbie, S. E., Reich, P. B., Seabloom, E. W. & Borer, E. T. The effect of diversity on disease reverses from dilution to amplification in a 22-year biodiversity× N× CO2 experiment. Scientific reports14, 10938 (2024).
  117. Tang, Y. et al. Rapid migration of Mongolian oak into the southern Asian boreal forest. Global change biology 30, e17002 (2024).
  118. Terrer, C. et al. A trade-off between plant and soil carbon storage under elevated CO2. Nature 591, 599–603 (2021).
  119. Tobias, J. A. et al. AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds. Ecology Letters 25, 581–597 (2022).
  120. Urgoiti, J. et al. No complementarity no gain—Net diversity effects on tree productivity occur once complementarity emerges during early stand development. Ecology letters 25, 851–862 (2022).
  121. Van Nuland, M. E., Qin, C., Pellitier, P. T., Zhu, K. & Peay, K. G. Climate mismatches with ectomycorrhizal fungi contribute to migration lag in North American tree range shifts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121, e2308811121 (2024).
  122. Wang, G. et al. Soil enzymes as indicators of soil function: A step toward greater realism in microbial ecological modeling. Global change biology 28, 1935–1950 (2022).
  123. Wang, M. et al. Molecular-level carbon traits underlie the multidimensional fine root economics space. Nature Plants 1–9 (2024).
  124. Wang, S. et al. Biotic homogenization destabilizes ecosystem functioning by decreasing spatial asynchrony. Ecology 102, e03332 (2021).
  125. Wang, X. & Ibáñez, I. The contrasting effects of local environmental conditions on tree growth between populations at different latitudes. Forests13, 429 (2022).
  126. Weeks, B. C. et al. A deep neural network for high‐throughput measurement of functional traits on museum skeletal specimens. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 14, 347–359 (2023).
  127. Weeks, B. C., Naeem, S., Lasky, J. R. & Tobias, J. A. Diversity and extinction risk are inversely related at a global scale. Ecology Letters 25, 697–707 (2022).
  128. Westerband, A. C. et al. Nitrogen concentration and physical properties are key drivers of woody tissue respiration. Annals of Botany 129, 633–646 (2022).
  129. Wheeler, K. I. et al. Predicting spring phenology in deciduous broadleaf forests: NEON phenology forecasting community challenge. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 345, 109810 (2024).
  130. Williams, L. J. et al. Enhanced light interception and light use efficiency explain overyielding in young tree communities. Ecology letters 24, 996–1006 (2021).
  131. Williams, L. J. et al. Remote spectral detection of biodiversity effects on forest biomass. Nature Ecology & Evolution 5, 46–54 (2021).
  132. Withington, J. M., Goebel, M., Bułaj, B. & Eissenstat, D. M. Remarkable similarity in timing of absorptive fine-root production across 11 diverse temperate tree species in a common garden. Frontiers in Plant Science 11, 623722 (2021).
  133. Wragg, P. D. et al. Revegetation to slow buckthorn reinvasion: strengths and limits of evaluating management techniques retrospectively. Restoration Ecology 29, e13290 (2021).
  134. Yu, Z. et al. Enhanced observations from an optimized soil-canopy-photosynthesis and energy flux model revealed evapotranspiration-shading cooling dynamics of urban vegetation during extreme heat. Remote Sensing of Environment 305, 114098 (2024).
  135. Zhang, H. et al. Thermal acclimation of stem respiration reduces global carbon burden. bioRxiv 2024–02 (2024).
  136. Zheng, L. et al. Effects of plant diversity on productivity strengthen over time due to trait-dependent shifts in species overyielding. Nature Communications 15, 2078 (2024).
  137. Zhu, K. et al. Rapid shifts in grassland communities driven by climate change. Nature Ecology & Evolution 1–13 (2024).
  138. Zimova, M., Willard, D. E., Winger, B. M. & Weeks, B. C. Widespread shifts in bird migration phenology are decoupled from parallel shifts in morphology. Journal of Animal Ecology 90, 2348–2361 (2021).